DevOps engineers are the architects of modern software development, bridging the gap between development and operations. Their work involves managing, automating, and optimizing complex systems, and Linux is their trusted ally in this endeavor. While the world of Linux commands is vast, mastering a core set is essential for any DevOps engineer to efficiently navigate the landscape.
1. Navigation and File Management:
* `cd` (change directory): Moving between directories is fundamental. `cd /home/user/documents` takes you to the “documents” directory within the “user” folder.
* `ls` (list directory contents): View the files and directories within a location. `ls -l` provides detailed information like permissions, size, and modification time.
* `pwd` (print working directory): Displays the current directory you’re in.
* `mkdir` (make directory): Creates a new directory. `mkdir new_directory` creates a directory named “new_directory”.
* `mv` (move or rename): Moves files or directories or renames them. `mv file1.txt /home/user/documents` moves the file to the specified location.
* `cp` (copy): Duplicates files or directories. `cp file1.txt new_file.txt` creates a copy named “new_file.txt”.
* `rm` (remove): Deletes files or directories. `rm file1.txt` removes the file. Use caution with `rm -rf` as it removes directories recursively without prompting.
2. Text Manipulation and Scripting:
* `cat` (concatenate and print files): Displays the contents of a file. `cat file1.txt` shows the content of “file1.txt”.
* `grep` (global regular expression print): Searches for patterns within files. `grep “error” log.txt` finds lines containing “error” in “log.txt”.
* `sed` (stream editor): Performs non-interactive text transformations. `sed ‘s/old/new/g’ file1.txt` replaces “old” with “new” in “file1.txt”.
* `awk` (pattern scanning and processing language): A powerful tool for manipulating data. `awk ‘{print $1}’ file1.txt` prints the first field of each line in “file1.txt”.
* `bash` (Bourne Again Shell): The default shell for most Linux distributions, used for writing and executing scripts. `bash script.sh` executes the script “script.sh”.
3. System Information and Processes:
* `whoami` (who am I): Shows the current user’s username.
* `date` (display date and time): Prints the current date and time.
* `top` (display system processes): Provides a real-time view of system processes, including CPU usage, memory, and process IDs.
* `ps` (process status): Lists current processes. `ps aux` shows all processes with detailed information.
* `kill` (terminate processes): Stops running processes. `kill -9
* `df` (disk free space): Displays disk usage information. `df -h` provides human-readable output.
4. Network Management:
* `ifconfig` (configure network interfaces): Displays network interface information, including IP addresses, MAC addresses, and network configuration.
* `ping` (packet internet groper): Tests network connectivity. `ping google.com` sends ICMP packets to google.com.
* `netstat` (network statistics): Provides information about network connections and listening ports.
* `ssh` (secure shell): Provides secure remote access to servers. `ssh user@server_ip` establishes a secure connection to the server.
5. Package Management:
* `apt-get` (Advanced Packaging Tool): Used for installing, updating, and removing software packages on Debian-based systems. `apt-get update` updates the package list.
* `yum` (Yellowdog Updater, Modified): Used for package management on Red Hat-based systems. `yum install
These commands are just the tip of the iceberg. However, mastering these fundamentals equips DevOps engineers with the necessary tools to efficiently manage, monitor, and automate complex Linux environments. This foundation allows them to effectively deploy, scale, and maintain applications, contributing to the smooth functioning of modern software development and delivery pipelines.